Primary
3rd
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e.g.: I have got a
shirt
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I
my
You
your
He
his
She
her
It
its
We
our
They
their
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January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
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AFFIRMATIVE
I am I’m
you are
you’re
he is he’s
she is
she’s
it is it’s
we are
we’re
you are
you’re
they are
they’re
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NEGATIVE
I am not I’m
not
you are not you
aren’t
he is not he isn’t
she is not she isn’t
it is not it
isn’t
we are not we
aren’t
you are not you aren’t
they are
not they
aren’t
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INTERROGATIVE
Am I?
Are you?
Is he?
Is she?
Is it?
Are we?
Are you?
Are they?
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· When we answer ‘yes’ to a question, we do not use the shortened form
of the verb.
Are they friends? Yes,
they are. Yes, they’re.
· To ask who someone is, we use Who
at the beginning of the question.
Who are you? I’m
Jenny.
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Short answers: Yes, I do / No, I don’t, etc.
USE: For permanent status or habitual actions.
To Express feelings and
thoughts.
Time expressions used with Present Simple:
Every… (day, month, year…) /in the afternoon/ in the evening/ at
night/ rarely/ sometimes/ usually/ always/ often/
never
Spelling:
- verbs ending in –ss, -o: add
–es; e.g.: I
pass—He passes / I go—He goes
- verbs ending in a
consonant + y: change ‘y’ to –ies; e.g.: I
study- She
studies
- verbs ending in a
vowel + y: add –s; e.g.: I buy-He
buys
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Affirmative:
I/you/we/they/ + action
e.g.: I like flowers
he/she/it + action +
s/es
e.g.: He likes flowers
Negative:
I/you/we/they/ + do not (don’t) +
action
e.g.:I do not (don’t) like
flowers
He/she/it + does not (doesn’t) +
Action
e.g.:He does not (doesn’t) like
flowers
Interrogative:
Do/I/you/we/they + action …..?
e.g.: Do you like flowers?
Does/he/she/it + action….?
e.g.: Does he like
flowers?
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AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE
Open the window! Don’t open
the window!
Stand near the door! Don’t stand
near the door!
· To tell someone to do something or not to do something we use the
imperative.
Stand up! Be
careful!
Stop!
Don’t walk now! Don’t
talk! Don’t shout!
· When we use the imperative we put the verb at the beginning of the
sentence.
Close the door! Sit on a
chair!
Come here!
Look at me!
· To tell someone not to do something we put Don’t in front of the verb.
Don’t eat all the biscuits! Don’t open the
window!
Don’t sit on this chair! Don’t
cry!
· To suggest to someone that you do something together we use Let’s at the beginning of the
sentence.
Let’s watch a film! Let’s
dance!
Let’s have a pizza! Let’s go to my
house!
If + present + present
If you heat water, it boils
If you study hard, you get good grades.
If you eat too much, you put on weight.
· We use the zero conditional to talk about facts or situations which are always true.
When it rains, my roof leaks. When my roof leaks, the walls get wet. When the walls get wet, they get moldy. When they get moldy, I get sick. When I get sick, I go to the doctor. When I go the doctor, he always says the same thing, “Fix your
roof!”
· Frequency adverbs tell us how often something is
done:
always, usually, often, sometimes, rarely,
seldom, never…..
Position: usually after ‘to be’, but before other verbs, between auxiliary
verbs and action.
e.g.: He is always late for school. She can never arrive
early.
He sometimes arrives
late. They always go with
him.
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AFFIRMATIVE
FULL FORM SHORT FORM
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NEGATIVE
FULL FORM SHORT FORM
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QUESTION
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There is
There’s
There are
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There is not there
isn’t
There are not there
aren’t
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Is there?
Are there?
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· We always use a singular noun with there is. We always put an article after there is.
There is a mouse under your desk.
There’s an octopus in the sea.
· We always put a plural noun with there are.
There are three oranges in the basket.
How much milk is there? How many apples are there?
How much orange juice is there?
How many books are
there?
· We use how many with
plural nouns that you can count (countable nouns) like apples, eggs and
flowers.
· We use how much with
nouns that are always singular like milk, sugar, juice.
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-
behind
- at
- in
- on
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IS IT
DIFFICULT?
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more
difficult than / the most
difficult
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AT
at four o’clock
at breakfast
at night
at Christmas
at the weekend
at that time
ON
on Friday
on Tuesday
on May 21st
IN
in the morning
in June
in Summer
in 1998
/-er/ /-or/ /-ist/
e.g.: play …………………………….. player
instruct……………………….
instructor
type…………………………….. typist
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Affirmative: person + is / are /am + action (-ing)
e.g.: He is
swimming
Negative: person + isn’t / aren’t / am not + action
(-ing)
e.g.: He is not swimming
Interrogative: is / are / am + person + action (-ing)
e.g.:Is he swimming?
Short answers: ‘Yes, I am / No, I’m not,
etc.’
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Use: To describe things that are happening now.
Spelling:
- verbs that end in ‘-e’: lose the
‘-e’ before the ‘-ing’.; e.g.: make – making.
-verbs that end in ‘-ie’: ‘-ie’ changes to
‘-ying’; e.g.:
lie –
lying.
- one syllable verbs that end in ‘consonant
+ vowel + consonant’ :double the last consonant before the ‘-ing’.; e.g.: stop –
stopping.
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BE + GOING TO + VERB
Affirmative: I am going to…
Negative: I’m not going to…
Interrogative: Am I going to…?
Short answers:
Yes, I am / No, I’m not
USES:
- To talk about plans or intentions.
e.g.: I’m going to see John this
evening
- To make predictions when there is something in the present which
tells us about the future.
e.g.: Look at those black clouds, it’s going to
rain.
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WILL + VERB
Affirmative: I will…/ I’ll...
Negative: I will not/ I won’t
Interrogative: Will I…?
Short answers: Yes, I will / No, I won’t
USES:
- To talk about something in the future (often a long way in the
future); e.g.: I’ll probably go to London next
year.
- To make a prediction or a decision; e.g.:
I think it will rain tomorrow.
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Advice
· We use should to give
someone advice.
e.g.: You should eat fruit
every day.
· With should we express
our opinion, we tell someone what we think he must or mustn’t
do.
e.g.: You shouldn’t eat so many
sweets.
What did you buy for Victoria’s birthday?
Who is that man?
Where are you from?
When was America discovered?
Whose car’s that?
Which bag is yours?
Why did you close the door?
How can I get to the train station?
How much milk do we need?
How many children did she invite to the party?
How often do you go to the dentist?
· Wh-questions always begin with an interrogative word or phrase e.g.: what, where, when, who, how much, how often, etc.)
· In the beginning of the sentence we use the interrogative word or
phrase which is followed by the verb in its interrogative form.
e.g.: What do you want for Christmas?
How old are
you?
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AFFIRMATIVE
I was
you were
he was
she was
it was
we were
you were
they
were
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NEGATIVE
I was not I
wasn’t
you were not you weren’t
he was not he
wasn’t
she was not she
wasn’t
it was not it
wasn’t
we were not we
weren’t
you were not you
weren’t
they were not they
weren’t
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QUESTION
Was I?
Were you?
Was he?
Was she?
Was it?
Were we?
Were you?
Were
they?
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- We use phrases such as yesterday, yesterday morning, the day before yesterday, last month, last year and last Monday with the past simple.
e.g.: We were in the country last week.
· In short answers we use the personal pronoun and was or were, wasn’t or weren’t. We do not repeat the rest of
the sentence.
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e.g.: Was Peter at the sports club?
Yes, he was.
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Affirmative:
I stayed
you closed
he stopped
she studied
it snowed
we tidied
you played
they liked
Negative:
Long Form
Short Form
I did not stay
I didn’t stay
you did not close
you didn’t close
he did not stop
he didn’t stop
she did not study
she didn’t study
it did not snow
it didn’t snow
we did not tidy
we didn’t tidy
you did not play
you didn’t play
they did not like
they didn’t like
Interrogative
did I stay?
did you close?
did he stop?
did she study?
did it snow?
did we tidy?
did you play?
did they like?
Short Answers: Yes, I did / No, I didn’t , etc.
USE: For actions which finished at a stated time in the
past.
e.g.: I went
to Paris when I
was eight years old.
TIME EXPRESSIONS used with the Past Simple: yesterday – then – ago – last – in – when |
IRREGULAR VERBS
Affirmative
I went
you went
he went
she went
it went
we went
you went
they went
Negative
Long form
Short form
I did not go
I didn’t go
you did not go
you didn’t go
he did not go
he didn’t go
she did not go
she didn’t go
it did not go
it didn’t go
we did not go
we didn’t go
you did not go
you didn’t go
they did not go
they didn’t go
Interrogative
Did I go?
Did you go?
Did he go?
Did she go?
Did it go?
Did we go?
Did you go?
Did they go?
Short answers: Yes, I did / No, I didn’t, etc…
USE: For actions which finished at a stated time in the
past.
e.g.:I went
to Paris when I
was eight years old.
TIME EXPRESSIONS used with the Past Simple: yesterday – then – ago – last – in – when
TO BE – WAS /
WERE
TO BEGIN – BEGAN
TO BREAK - BROKE
TO BUILD – BUILT
TO BUY - BOUGHT
TO COME – CAME
TO CREEP - CREPT
TO CUT - CUT
TO DO – DID
TO DRINK - DRANK
TO EAT – ATE
TO FEEL – FELT
TO FALL - FELL
TO FIND - FOUND
TO GET – GOT
TO GIVE - GAVE
TO GO – WENT
TO GROW - GREW
TO HAVE – HAD
TO HEAR - HEARD
TO HIT - HIT
TO KEEP – KEPT
TO KNOW - KNEW
TO LIGHT – LIT
TO LAY – LAID
TO LOSE - LOST
TO MAKE – MADE
TO PUT – PUT
TO READ - READ
TO RIDE – RODE
TO SAY - SAID
TO SEE – SAW
TO SEND – SENT
TO SWIM - SWAM
TO TAKE – TOOK
TO TELL – TOLD
TO THINK – THOUGHT
TO WAKE UP – WOKE UP
TO WEAR - WORE
TO WRITE - WROTE
- To compare two people or things we add the suffix –er to the end of the adjective and then use the word than.
Michael is stronger than John.
This car is faster than that car.
- If the adjective has one syllable and ends in a vowel and then a consonant, then we double the last consonant and add –er.
fat – fatter thin – thinner big – bigger
- If the adjective ends in –y, the “y” goes and we add the suffix –ier.
pretty – prettier happy – happier lazy – lazier
- There are irregular adjectives.
good – better
bad – worse
· When the adjective has more than two syllables, we put the word
more before the adjective and than after it.
beautiful – more beautiful than
dangerous – more dangerous than
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Present
Past
There is (only one) There was
There are (two or more)
There were
Negative: there isn’t / there wasn’t
there aren’t / there
weren’t
Interrogative: is there / was there ?
are there / were
there?
e.g.:There is a boy in the garden.
There are three balls in the
box.
There wasn’t a house here last year but there were two shops.
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USE: We use ‘HAVE TO’ to express ‘obligation’:
Affirmative: Person + have / has to + action (infinitive)
e.g.: I have to clean my room, because it is very
dirty.
Negative: Person + DON’T / DOESN’T +HAVE TO + action
(infinitive)
e.g.:.: She doesn’t have to write the letter for you.
Interrogative: DO/ DOES +person +HAVE TO + action (infinitive)
e.g.: Do they have to go to the
excursión?
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Time expressions used with Present
Simple:
- Every day - In the evening - Often
- Every month - At night - Never
- Every year -
Rarely
- Every morning -
Sometimes
- In the afternoon - Usually
- In the morning - Always
e.g.:Every day, I go to
school.
Time expressions used with Present
Continuous:
- now
- at this
moment
- just
now
Prepositions: IN / ON /
AT
e.g.:Now, we are writing in our exercise book.
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Affirmative: I must + verb
e.g.: I must go to the doctor
Negative:
Long form: I must not + verb; e.g.: I must not
smoke
Short form: I mustn’t + verb; e.g.: I mustn’t
smoke
Interrogative: Must I + verb…?; e.g.: Must I go
there?
Short answers: Yes, I must / No, I mustn’t, etc.
USES: Necessity (on the part of the speaker), obligation and prohibition to
do something.
e.g.: I must give up eating sweets (this is my
opinion)
I must not sleep in
class
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INDEX
- Months, Possessive adjectives, Have got …………………………. p.
1
- Present verb TO BE ………………………………………………………………. p.
2
- Present Simple ……………………………………………………………………….. p.
3
- Imperatives …………………………………………………………………………….. p.
4
- Zero Conditional, Adverbs of frequency ………………………….. p.
5
- There be, how much/many …………………………………………………… p.
6
- Place prepositions ………………………………………………………………….. p.
7
- Prepositions of time, Professions ………………………………………. p.
8
- Present Continuous ……………………………………………………………….. p.
9
- Future ………………………………………………………………………………………. p. 10
- Should, ‘Wh’ Questions ………………………………………………………… p.
11
- ‘Was / Were’ ………………………………………………………………………….. p.12
- Past Simple …………………………………………………………………………….. p. 13,14
- Irregular verbs …………………………………………………………………….. p. 15
- Comparatives …………………………………………………………………………. p. 16
- Have to, There be (present/past) ……………………………………. p. 17
- Time expressions …………………………………………………………………. p. 18
- Object Pronouns ………………………………………………………………….. p. 19